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Strait of Hormuz Disruptions: Tensions between the U.S. and Iran have intensified, impacting maritime traffic in the Strait of Hormuz. Concerns over potential disruptions to energy transit have triggered a spike in global crude oil prices and volatility across international markets. 

Trilateral Defence Accord: Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan recently formalised the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement, establishing a mutual defense and deterrence framework that alters regional security dynamics.